Is it possible to transfer files from a laptop (apparently the motherboard quit communicating with the monitor and side monitor port, but still powers up) onto my samsung android phone?
As far as the laptop goes, it sounds like it might be more than just a "communicating" issue. The motherboard probably is fried. You can however, take the hard drive out and back up the files to another computer. (I'll spare you the 'you should already have your files backed up' lecture )
You can pick up a SATA to USB adapter or you can have a repair shop do it for you.
(to the best of my knowledge anyway - maybe someone here can prove me wrong?)
I ahve one by Cables to Go. They are a life saver (though I am a computer tech so I use it regularly - but for only $20 I'd probably own one either way)
Jmac is s right, Your motherboard is most likely dead and if you want your files then plug the drive into another PC or take it repair shop and pay for it to be done.